Between Art craft and Handicraft

“‬ craft ‭” ‬ of ‭ Sanskrit means “working ‬ ‭” ‬ and society in general call ‭ “‬ ‭ craft” ‬. ‭ ‬ If the parsed from scientific roots, ‭ ‬ still a debate among practitioners and academics field of art. ‭ ‬ or craft field craft this becomes a struggle between the disciplines in fine arts or design so that the term ‭ “‬ ‭ art craft” ‬, ‭ “‬ ‭ craft design” ‬ or ‭ “‬ ‭ art craft” ‬ and ‭ “‬ ‭ craft design” ‬.

Craft has a high flexibility, can be ‭ ‬ trends, ‭ ‬ in the middle, and depending on the position and the insights that are used, ‭ ‬ which could be in the region or faction of the fine arts or art ‭ ‬ use of applied arts / design.

Is a branch of art craft art requires a very high craftmanship, ‭ ‬ such as wood carving, ceramics ‭ ‬, ‭ ‬ matting, etc. ‭ ‬ her. ‭ ‬ The Djoyonegoro Wardiman states that art is not just rely on his craft and skills, ‭ ‬ but the result has meaning as works of art ‭ (‬ ‭ art craft) ‬ creative and innovative.

Art craft is essentially focused on the weight of emphasis that allows the birth craftmanship value of applied art in the form of a new expression according to the demands of contemporary culture. ‭ ‬ Many people feel that the art of craft as a repetition of existing forms, ‭ ‬ or classic traditional, ‭ ‬ and in general show the old values.

Handicraf also showed a negative connotation as a kind of a job ‭ “‬ ‭ repeating” ‬ of the same shape and the positive properties ‭ “‬ ‭ diligent” ‬ or ‭ “‬ ‭ thorough” ‬. ‭ ‬ This fact makes the development of art craft including the slow, ‭ ‬ especially repeat the forms which best-selling and selling ‭ (‬ ‭ ‬ mass tastes ‭) ‬ of increase delays in its development, changes only ‭ ‬ ‭ ‬ about raw materials only. ‭

Carved developments in Indonesia

CARVING is decorated with pictures of the concave part (kruwikan) and the convex parts (buledan) that make up a beautiful picture. This understanding is developed through the sculpture known as an art form images on wood, stone, or other materials. Relief is created covering the themes, including flowers, plants, animals, humans, even a story.

Now, in addition to known wood carving, carving industry is also known. Wood carving is a form of cukilan ornament or decoration, the circuit berelung-recesses, entwined, repeated, and continuous to make ornaments. The Indonesian people begin to recognize the carvings from the Stone Age Young (Neolithic), which is approximately 1500 years BC. At that time, the ancestors of Indonesia has made carvings on stone axes, forging clay or other materials encountered. Motives and carving craftsmanship of that era is still very simple. Generally, the geometric pattern of lines, dots, and arches, with soil material, stone, wood, bamboo, leather, and animal horns.

In this era of human making pottery with carvings of two ways, namely direct and indirect. The first way is done by direct scraping forms a small triangle with a pointed piece of wood, form a circle with a seal, and the lower end with the thumb, while the indirect way is done by the print motifs, namely, by attaching a wooden mold in which the pottery is still soft. The instrument was first used stone axes that are not sharpened and then honed ax, and a variety of forms. Art carvings in Indonesia began to grow since humans recognize certain symbols and thought can be disastrous, happiness, fertility, and use it to commemorate the leaders and heroes of his day. Age is better known as the Bronze Age was ranged from 500 to 300 BC. Materials are carved at the time also experienced growth, the metal pieces, including gold, silver, and bronze. Manufacturing technology increased. Metal casting with a high temperature that makes carving, also already known. To improve the precision sharpness rough carved reliefs on the foundry was used way inlay. Artificial carving motifs found in Bronze Age is a meander pattern, Tumpal, double volute, mask, as well as animals and humans. Meander motif found on bronze nekara from Mount Merapi near Bima, shards of ancient pottery from direngas not Galupang, Sulawesi, and the neck of a small jug of Tebing Tinggi, North Sumatra. Gag motif found on a bronze ewer from Kerinci West Sumatera, and on the edge of a nekara (moko) of Alor, East Nusa Tenggara. Double helical motif is found in the bronze nekara from West Java and on the bronze vessels from Kerinci, Sumatra.

Motif found in the neck mask jug of Sumba, Nusa Tenggara, and the bronze ax from Lake Sentani, Irian Jaya. This motif describes the face and eyes of people who give magical powers that can ward off evil. Animal and human motifs found in nekara from Sangean. ** AFTER Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam entered Indonesia, the art of carving experience very rapid growth, in the form of production design, and motive. Carvings found in the temples and inscriptions made by people at that time to commemorate the king. Forms are also found carved on weapons such as kris and spears, stone tombs, mosques, palaces, musical instruments, including gamelan and wayang. Motif carvings, in addition to describing the form, sometimes also contains a variety of stories, among others, the life of the gods, myths of heroism, etc.. Historical evidence remains engraved in the period can be seen in temple reliefs such as upgrading in Blitar, Prambanan, and Mendut in Central Java. Relief carvings at Prambanan Temple, Central Java deer story illustrates the affected mas incarnation of Ram arrows. Festival Panataran describes Ravana’s lead his troops leave the war to conquer the leadership of Hanuman the monkey army. In addition, relief of this temple also contains stories of animal life. Mendut Relief Goddess tells Hariti while caring for her children.

Forms are also found carved in metal materials, such as those found in the village of Wonoboyo, Jogonalan, Klaten Regency. This heritage belongs estimated time of the kings of Old Mataram approximately the 9th century. Now the wood and metal carving experiencing rapid development. Art is no longer just a magical function, but rather an ornament mass produced. Manufacturing techniques have used print system. This method mainly used for the furniture industry, while the metal used for carving chisel iron ore smelting results. These motifs include the wood carving motifs Pajajaran, Majapahit, Bali, Mataram, Jepara, Madura, Cirebon, Pekalongan, Surakarta, Yogyakarta, and a variety of motives that come from outside Java.

Pajajaran motif derived from wood carvings found on the tomb of Sunan Gunung Jati, Majapahit motif derived from pole marquee Mosque of Demak, many Balinese motifs found in the doors of the temple of Bali, Mataram motifs taken from Purwa puppet kingdom of Demak. Jepara motif derived from the Grave ornaments Mantingan Jepara, Madura motives â € “known for its unique â €” comes from the royal courts of Sumenep, Pekalongan Motifs known to have a form that is almost similar to the motive Pajajaran and Mataram. Surakarta motif stems from the motive of Surakarta and Yogyakarta is also derived from Yogyakarta Palace. Among the motives that come from outside Java, many of which came from the bamboo carvings on the Dayak tribe in Kalimantan and Toraja in South Sulawesi.

COMMON ORNAMENTATION

Geometrie Motifs – Sraights : the dot, straight line, triangle, key, rhomb, swastika, meander. The swastika is a symbol of the sun, sign of good luck. In continued form it is called “ Banji “, from a Mandarin phrase, wan dzi, meaning good fortune. The meander is classified in the banji goup. The tumpal, which is a repeated series of elongated triangles joined to gether along the base, is another ancient, common motif. It is so basic to traditional ornamentation that is survived even the lasting influence of Hinduism. It is frequently referred to as a bamboo shoot and bears the signivicance of the plant: Vitality, fertility, rapid growth.

Geometric Motifs – curves : spiral, double spriral, circle either independent, interlacing or adjacent. The double spiral is by some deemed to be the source of the “parang” pattern on batiks which was once reserved for the sole use of the royal families of Central Java.

The Humand Body appears in various aspects: full face, three-quarters, the face ( mask ) alone, or the whole body. A later redition was in the very definitive stance of the Javanese wayang (shadow-puppet ) figure. Sometime the body became so stylized that it was no longer recognizable. The human body is a protective element bearing all the mystic force of the human being. Therefore, it is a protection against evil as well as a representation of the ancestors who what over all. The face or mask has the same power. In clances, for instance, a mask in made for a specific dancer and may not be worn by anyone else and upon any other ocation, for it is considered to “come alive”.
The water buffalo is another figure which frequently appears in Indonesia ornamentation. It has been used in prehistoric cave or rock paintings, to embellish house roofs, in jewellery, sometimes the whole head, sometimes just the horns. The water buffalo has been so important to the development of life in Indonesia that is was deemed to have certain powers. It became a sign of standing, wealth, strength, and fertility. The shape of its horns is related to the moon.
Other Animals which often occur in Indonesian art forms are the crocodile, mythical naga snake, cock, the mytical Garuda bird, and the hornbill. The crocodile and the snake are beings of the other half of the world while birds represent the upper half. Water beings carry the body of the deseaced across the wates between here and there; the winged beings carry the soul upwards. Such figures are of great importance in traditional Indonesia culture in many forms, and in Java and Bali this was reinforced by the Hindu religion. The cock is related to the sun, since he crows at sunrise. He had force, courage, and reprecents fertility. This bird has been much used in ritual.

Ornament (Kind Decoration)

Ornament or kind decoration is ancestor culture inheritance, until now still usually at meet in all fatherland outlying place, usually in the realization mengaitkan in matters has religious. Ornament (kind decoration) many at applied in bangunan- house building, temples, textile cloth, batik cloth, and as it.
Human tries to work in fulfil the alive need that supported with the creativity existence so that can to appreciate age. with culture survival existence, supposed can to dig kind tradisional decoration exist in fatherland as idea source, and this matter pushes preservation efforts existence and appropriate development with situation and existing condition, because in creat swan song always get influence from the environment.
Remember human life level more progress, demand human life need more will bloom so that at will intended to appear goods that wanted human with assortedly form and the function. Therefore many decoration motives is created to decorate the creation goods, so that be beautifuler and interesting that can evoke glad taste and amazed for one who enjoy it.
Ornament term or kind decoration comes from two words that is kind and inwrought decoration is one explanation that is pattern. in english is called ornament and in dutch language is called siermotieven.
In indonesian general dictionary at explain that: word” kind” that is diverse, kind, colour type. for example: cloth many kind it, many the colours, many the types, and many the kinds. In kind decoration many diverse decoration pattern among others:
1. Human decoration pattern: said human decoration pattern because in maker kind the decoration threatens in figure human.
2. Animal decoration pattern: this decoration pattern is in the maker threatens in animal form
3. Vegetation decoration pattern: this decoration pattern is in the maker comings from vegetation form.
4. Geometric decoration pattern: this decoration pattern is in the maker threatens in geometry form likes: straight line, bent line, circle, triangle, parallelogram etc
5. Unreal decoration pattern: why called with unreal decoration pattern, because in the creation based on imagination from the maker, and in our life is this decoration pattern is actually there is no for example: dragon, giant, etc
6. Cosmos decoration pattern or formed nature: said cosmos decoration pattern or nature really in the maker threatens in nature forms, like: cloud, rocky ground, water, stone, mount, etc.
Furthermore in also can show the development period, like primitive kind ornament, tradisional ornament, classic ornament, and modern ornament.
Primitive Ornament: ornament alive blooms in ancestor time. in the realization usually has simple forms, naive and always mengaitkan in magical matters, also be depiction from the ancestors that pass away. example: carve asmat exist in irian glorious
Tradisional Ornament: be ornament alive and bloom in ancestor time, and maintained according to turun-menurun………
Classic Ornament: be ornament that achieve the triumph top, so that cirri and its for can not at reconvert. because when experience change walaupub a little so ornament not refraction been said as ornament classic. example: Ornament Pajajaran, Ornament Majapahit, Ornament Jogyakarta, Ornament Pekalongan, Ornament Madura, Ornament Surakarta, Ornament Cirebon, Ornament Balinese, Ornament Jepara
Modern Ornament: be individual creation result, out from rules ornament tradisional also classic. In rank next at purpose with ornament component from a art product that added or expressly made for as decoration. Beside to functioned in addition from aspect keindahaan a goods that produced so that bicer and interesting, and also this matter will influence also in appreciation aspect, either from aspect spiritual also the materials aspect. Comprehension other about ornament swan song form expressly added or made at one particular thing product so that product or thing be beautifuler.
As according to the explanation, has main function that is as decoration. Matter this means a product or thing after at give decoration or ornament will be beautifuler from in will not be given absolutely. Despitefully ornament increasing at one particular thing or product will give added value of course beautifuler and artistic. actually, when does somebody see earring, medallion or bracelet, so things can be interpretted as decoration thing. When does earring depending at ear a girl, such also also medallion a while ago not merely mengalungi neck and hand, but must be caught as something that can give magic power for the user. Initially somebody wears earring, medallion, also another decoration meant to get strength or magic power influence from goods utility. Decoration things usually put in body part that felted weak, or in other place necessary get protection from things for the purpose of so that congratulation and escaped from mara danger. Comprehension has liked this actually long go on since from our ancestor formerly.
Actually ornament can be interpretted as” design” or ” pattern” as according to explanation general, and in limited context, each that term has explanation and different the use also. such the things of comprehension from motive, pattern, and design in one explanation actually not related to term geometrik, abstract, representative, emblematik, also symbolic, but bearer what meant with motivation, and in moment certain must be realized. thereby permanent ornament presence has meaning that deepens, and be expressions idealisasi or brainchilds the creator in realize a swan song with make use ornament as the creation source.
Ornament form and the composition
Marginally ornament structure distinguishable be principal three things that is:
First, continual lines with all the variation, that is shaped straight line, broken line, bent line, bumpy line, and also lines that functioned as border line.
Second, shaped forms figure that group.
Third, decoration form comprehensive and intact, close entire forms from form that hitted, with tissue mutual tie up inwrought, connected between one with another form, mutual close to one another according to recurrent.
Actually continual line, straight line, monochrome commonly use to make divider line, like straight plump line, belong in design elements. initially lines a kind of this there with various the variation. for example: dash line, broken line, zig-zag line, circle, and as it. Then in decade next appear assorted motive form that come from line. we are of opinion that divider line simple line, but when does lines composed according to recurrent and in a series will be a design that ready made.
Apart from in that is there efforts to make baturalist motive composition by imitate nature or nature as the inspiration source. In the maker can not same exactly such as those which in nature but pass process stelisasi creatively and innovative. This nature element arrangement is usually at takes tree form, fruits, vegetation, cloud, and other as it.